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GLP-1, or glucagon-like peptide-1, is a native incretin hormone produced by enteroendocrine L-cells in the intestine and released into circulation after eating, where it acts on the GLP-1 receptor to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. It is studied as the central hormone in the "incretin effect," the observation that oral glucose produces…

Triz2 is a name used by some research-chemical suppliers for Triz2 (also catalogued as LY3298176), a synthetic 39-amino-acid peptide engineered to act as a dual agonist at both the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor and the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor. It is studied as a tool for probing combined incretin receptor signalling, since its structure…

Survodutide, also known by its development code BI 456906, is a synthetic 29-amino-acid peptide engineered to act as a dual agonist at both the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor and the glucagon receptor (GCGR). It is studied as a research tool for probing combined incretin and glucagon receptor signalling, conceptually modelled on the endogenous gut peptide…

PE22-28, also known in the published literature as mini-spadin, is a synthetic heptapeptide that selectively inhibits the TREK-1 two-pore-domain potassium channel. It is a shortened, optimised analogue of spadin, itself a naturally occurring fragment of the sortilin propeptide, and it is studied mainly in rodent models of mood-related behaviour, hippocampal neurogenesis and, more recently, stroke…

Oxytocin is a nine-amino-acid cyclic peptide hormone, synthesised in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary, that acts on a single G protein-coupled receptor, OXTR, expressed in both peripheral and central nervous system tissue. It was the first peptide hormone to have its structure determined and to be chemically synthesised, and it remains a…

Triptorelin is a synthetic decapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), classed as a GnRH superagonist because a single amino acid substitution gives it substantially greater receptor affinity and metabolic stability than the native hormone. It is studied for its distinctive two-phase action on the pituitary-gonadal axis: an initial stimulation of gonadotropin and sex-steroid secretion, followed…

Gonadorelin is the synthetic form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a hypothalamic decapeptide that acts on the GnRH receptor (GnRHR) in the anterior pituitary to stimulate release of luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). It is studied as the master regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and its pattern of release, specifically its pulsatile nature, is…

GHRP 6, or growth hormone-releasing peptide-6, is a synthetic hexapeptide that acts as an agonist at the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHS-R1a, and is studied for its ability to stimulate growth hormone release from the pituitary. It was the first synthetic growth hormone secretagogue shown to have significant activity both in cultured pituitary cells and…

GHRP 2, also written GHRP-2 and known by the international nonproprietary name pralmorelin, is a synthetic hexapeptide that acts as an agonist of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a), the receptor for the endogenous hormone ghrelin. It is studied in vitro as a tool for examining G protein-coupled receptor signalling, growth hormone release…

Sermorelin acetate is the acetate salt of sermorelin, a synthetic 29-amino-acid peptide that reproduces the N-terminal fragment of human growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). It is the shortest portion of native GHRH that retains full receptor activity. In the laboratory it is used as a selective agonist of the GHRH receptor on pituitary somatotroph cells, where…

CJC 1295 without DAC, also known as modified GRF(1-29) or mod GRF 1-29, is a synthetic, 29-residue analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Four amino acid substitutions make it more resistant to enzymatic and chemical breakdown than the native fragment, and it lacks the albumin-binding linker found in the DAC version. It is studied in…